WASHINGTON, DC -- Today, U.S. Senators Sherrod Brown (D-OH) and Jack Reed (D-RI) were joined by U.S. Senators Tina Smith (D-MN), Ron Wyden (D-OR), and Elizabeth Warren (D-MA), in sending a letter to the Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA) requesting a review of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac’s nonperforming loan and reperforming loan sales programs.  These programs often result in loans being sold to large investors, who often offer fewer foreclosure protections than Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac and control whether homeowners are able to stay in their homes.

“With a severe shortage of available and affordable housing for aspiring homeowners, it is critical that the Enterprises remain committed to keeping families in the homes they have and to keeping our housing stock in the hands of individual homeowners, not institutional investors,” wrote the Senators. “Based on data reported from the Enterprises and the Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA), it is not clear that the nonperforming and reperforming loan sales programs meet that standard.”

Reed and Brown have used their leadership on the Senate Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs Committee to help keep homes in the hands of communities, not institutional investors.  The Committee has held three hearings and a tenant listening session on the growing role of big investors and private equity companies in the housing market and the harm they cause to aspiring homeowners, renters, and communities.

Senator Reed is the author of the Preserving Homes and Communities Act, which would establish additional requirements before and after certain mortgage loans are sold.  This legislation would reform Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and Federal Housing Administration (FHA) note sale programs to help prevent foreclosures and keep more homes in the hands of owner-occupants.

When borrowers with loans insured by FHA or securitized by Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac become delinquent on mortgages, they have strong protections against foreclosure because their servicers must offer specific loss mitigation options before foreclosure proceedings can begin. These protections help many borrowers catch-up on their payments; however, they all but disappear when a mortgage is included in a note sale. Without these protections, recent data suggests that approximately 80% of homeowners with nonperforming loans included in FHA note sales ultimately lost their homes. Moreover, according to GAO findings, nonperforming loans sold by FHA are more likely to face foreclosure than comparable loans that FHA kept on its balance sheets.

In order to protect homeowners, the Protecting Homes and Communities Act would ensure that borrowers receive at least a 90-day notice before their mortgage is involved in a note sale.  Reed’s bill would also ensure that all FHA or FHFA-required loss mitigation options have been exhausted before a transaction occurs. And if a note sale does occur, the purchaser would be required to offer loss mitigation options on terms that are at least as favorable as those available to the homeowner before the transaction.

 

Full text of the letter follows:

February 1, 2023

The Honorable Sandra Thompson

Director

Federal Housing Finance Agency

400 7th Street SW

Washington, DC 20024

Dear Director Thompson:

We write to urge you to review Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac’s (the Enterprises) nonperforming and reperforming loan sales programs and the effect those programs have on homeowners, communities, and our housing market.

With a severe shortage of available and affordable housing for aspiring homeowners, it is critical that the Enterprises remain committed to keeping families in the homes they have and to keeping our housing stock in the hands of individual homeowners, not institutional investors. Based on data reported from the Enterprises and the Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA), it is not clear that the nonperforming and reperforming loan sales programs meet that standard.

Since at least 2015, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac have sold nonperforming and reperforming mortgage loans by the thousands to investors in an effort to reduce their retained portfolios. In the case of nonperforming loans, FHFA and the Enterprises hoped that sales to new owners would offer borrowers on the verge of losing their homes assistance beyond what the Enterprises could provide.

Unfortunately, nonperforming and reperforming loan sales can also put borrowers’ loans in the hands of investors who do not share the same housing mission obligations as the Enterprises.

Purchasers of nonperforming loans have included large alternative investment funds; companies that operate highly profitable single-family rental housing businesses, like Pretium; and private equity firms like Lone Star Funds. Troublingly, a large share of the loans sold through nonperforming loan sales not only lead to the homeowner losing their home, but to the home being lost from the homeownership market altogether.

Of the nearly 115,000 nonperforming loans sold by the Enterprises that have reached a resolution, more than 60 percent of the resolutions resulted in the homeowner losing their home.  In fact, nearly 64,000 of those properties went through foreclosure or deed in lieu of foreclosure, and in those cases the buyers of the nonperforming loans controlled how the vast majority of those properties were sold – or not sold.  Nearly 36 percent of properties that were lost through foreclosure went to investors or were held by the purchasers of the loans themselves as rental or real estate owned (REO), the same share that were sold to families looking to buy. Just 206 properties – a share so small FHFA reports it as zero percent – were sold to nonprofits focused on expanding homeownership and affordable housing opportunities. 

Reperforming loan sales involve borrowers who are at less immediate risk of losing their home, but they effect far more households and lack the transparency that FHFA has required the Enterprises to provide for nonperforming loan sales. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac have transferred more than 678,000 reperforming loans since 2016. Freddie Mac’s transfers have been done through resecuritizations of thousands of loans, while Fannie Mae’s transfers are whole loan sales to investors including PIMCO and Goldman Sachs, as well as those affiliated with large single-family rental operations, like Pretium and Cerberus. These investors or their affiliates benefit from easy access to acquiring properties if homeowners default. And once loans are transferred through either resecuritization or whole loan sales, servicers are no longer required to comply with the servicing standards in the Enterprises’ servicing guides, making it even harder to know what loss mitigation a borrower might be entitled to.

Because the Enterprises do not report on the outcomes for homeowners whose loans are transferred through reperforming loan sales, it is impossible for FHFA or the public to know how these sales affect borrowers’ ability to stay in their homes and what happens to those homes if borrowers are ultimately forced to move. But selling large volumes of loans that had previously experienced distress to organizations without a housing mission makes it more likely that homeowners’ well-being will come second to private profits if those homeowners experience a future hardship.

Nonperforming and reperforming loans are sold almost exclusively to large, profitable investors because the sales cater to institutional investors by design. Whole loan pools that are open to all bidders are so large and geographically diverse that it would be impossible for most community organizations to acquire and manage them. We support the Enterprises’ ongoing commitment to sell some nonperforming loans to community and nonprofit organizations through their Community Impact Pools and Extended Timeline Pools. However, these sales represent just two percent of the nonperforming loans sold by the Enterprises to date.

The Enterprises must operate in a safe and sound manner while also fulfilling their housing mission. To ensure that all aspects of the Enterprises’ operations meet this standard, we urge you to conduct a thorough review of the Enterprises’ nonperforming loan and reperforming loan sales programs. We request an update on your review by March 10, 2023. Additionally, we urge you to increase public transparency and accountability in these programs, particularly the reperforming loan program, to ensure that the program benefits homeowners, not just investors.

We look forward to working with you to ensure that all elements of the Enterprises’ businesses are supporting homeowners and aspiring homeowners in today’s housing market.

Sincerely,